Art serves as a catalyst for human expression: it sparks emotions, instigates conversations, and challenges societal norms. Sometimes, however, art surpasses mere provocation and creates scandal.

A number of Italian masterpieces throughout history have ignited controversy and scandalized the public, pushing the envelope of artistic freedom. From Caravaggio to modern-day photographer Oliviero Toscani, here are some of the most controversial works of art Italy produced.