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Happy birthday USA: Italy’s role in America’s greatness. Filippo Mazzei

Buon compleanno USA: Gli italiani che hanno fatto grandi cose in America. Filippo Mazzei

Author: Francesco Clementi

In 2026, We the Italians celebrates “Two Anniversaries, One Heart” – the 250th anniversary of the United States and the 80th anniversary of the Italian Republic. This article is part of the “Happy Birthday USA: Italy’s Role in America’s Greatness” project, in which we tell the stories of 18 well-known figures of Italian heritage who helped make the United States great.

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The Tuscan behind America’s revolutionary generation

In 2026, the United States marks the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. This milestone offers an opportunity not only to celebrate the leading figures of the American Revolution, but also to rediscover those individuals who helped shape the cultural and intellectual foundations upon which the new nation was built. Among them, one of the most significant—and yet one of the least known to the general public—is Filippo Mazzei.

If Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin its great diplomat, and George Washington the military leader who guided the struggle for freedom, Mazzei represented something different but no less important: a bridge between Europe and America, between Enlightenment thought and the emerging constitutional experience of the United States, between the Italian civic tradition and the construction of the first great modern democracy.

Born in 1730 in Poggio a Caiano, Tuscany, Mazzei was a physician, merchant, agronomist, traveler, writer, and political thinker. Above all, he was a genuine citizen of the eighteenth-century world. His life unfolded across Italy, the Ottoman Empire, England, France, and America, following the geography of ideas that characterized the Age of Enlightenment. Long before a true Atlantic community existed, Mazzei embodied its spirit, convinced that liberty, knowledge, and progress knew no borders.

His encounter with Benjamin Franklin in London proved to be one of the defining moments of his life. Franklin immediately recognized in him a man of intelligence, curiosity, and remarkable organizational ability. Through that relationship, Mazzei began to see the American colonies as a place where the ideals of liberty might be translated into concrete political institutions.

When he arrived in Virginia in 1773, his meeting with Thomas Jefferson altered the course of his life and, in some measure, the course of American history. A deep friendship emerged between the two men, founded upon an extraordinary intellectual affinity. Jefferson saw in the Tuscan an enlightened European capable of grasping the universal significance of the American experiment. Mazzei, in turn, recognized in the future President one of the most authoritative interpreters of the struggle for freedom then unfolding in the colonies.

Their friendship extended far beyond personal affection. They shared agricultural projects, scientific interests, cultural passions, and above all a common political vision. Both believed that government should rest upon the consent of the governed, that power should be limited and accountable, and that liberty was the foundation of human dignity. Their correspondence and conversations reveal an ongoing exchange of ideas that helped shape the political vocabulary of the American Revolution.

There was also a lesser-known but highly significant dimension to their relationship: wine. Mazzei was deeply rooted in the agricultural culture of Tuscany and regarded viticulture not merely as an economic activity, but as an expression of European civilization itself. Jefferson shared that sensibility. Through Mazzei, the future President deepened his knowledge of Italian viticulture and developed a particular appreciation for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, which he would later remember among the finest wines of Europe.

This was about far more than personal taste. For Jefferson, as for Mazzei, wine represented an element of the culture of liberty: the product of territories, communities, traditions, and accumulated knowledge that reflected the highest achievements of civil society. In this sense, Vino Nobile became a symbol of a deeper exchange between Tuscany and America, between European culture and the political project of the new Republic. Through Mazzei, Jefferson discovered not merely a wine, but a vision of public life grounded in the quality of social relations, the value of local communities, and the conviction that liberty and culture must advance together.

It is no coincidence that many scholars have noted the affinity between certain formulations employed by Mazzei and the principles later enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. In 1774, the Tuscan patriot wrote that all men are by nature equally free and independent. This statement encapsulated one of the core principles of European Enlightenment political thought and would find a powerful echo in the Declaration’s famous assertion that all men are created equal.

It would, of course, be inaccurate to attribute authorship of the Declaration to Mazzei. Jefferson remains the principal architect of that document, which transformed the course of world history. Yet it would be equally misleading to ignore the role that the intellectual dialogue between the two men played in shaping a shared political language. Great ideas rarely emerge in isolation. More often, they are born through encounters, exchanges, and cultural cross-fertilization. In this sense, Mazzei was one of the protagonists of the transatlantic laboratory in which many of the fundamental categories of modern constitutionalism took shape.

During the War of Independence, his contribution was not merely intellectual. He undertook diplomatic missions, sought European support for the American cause, facilitated political and commercial contacts, and helped strengthen relations between the New World and the Old. In every respect, he served as one of the principal intermediaries between the American Revolution and European public opinion.

Yet Mazzei’s significance extends well beyond his contribution to independence itself. What makes his figure particularly important is his ability to interpret the birth of the United States as a universal event. He understood that the American Revolution was not simply about thirteen colonies separating from Great Britain. It represented the affirmation of a new form of political community founded upon individual liberty, civil equality, representative government, and limited power.

From this perspective, Mazzei became one of the earliest interpreters of the universal meaning of the American experiment. Through his writings and public advocacy, he helped spread knowledge of American institutions throughout Europe and presented the new Republic as a political model worthy of careful attention. Long before the United States emerged as a global power, many Europeans first encountered the American experience through Mazzei’s work.

His story also demonstrates how modern constitutionalism emerged from the encounter of different cultures. The American Revolution was not solely an American phenomenon. It was also the product of the circulation of people, ideas, books, experiences, and relationships linking both sides of the Atlantic. In that process, Italy made a contribution that is too often overlooked. Filippo Mazzei was perhaps its most distinguished representative.

He was not a jurist, nor did he develop a systematic constitutional theory. Yet he helped disseminate the principles of liberty, human dignity, civil equality, and limited government that remain at the core of contemporary constitutional democracies. His importance lies less in constructing a formal doctrine than in helping ideas and values circulate until they became a shared political inheritance.

The historical significance of Filippo Mazzei has not remained confined to scholarly circles. The United States itself has progressively recognized the contribution of the Tuscan patriot to the formation of American political culture. A particularly significant acknowledgment came on August 5, 1994, when Congress approved House Joint Resolution 175, which became Public Law 103-371 and established Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month. In its introductory “Whereas” clauses, Congress explicitly recognized that the famous phrase in the Declaration of Independence stating that “all men are created equal” had been inspired by the writings of the Italian immigrant and patriot Filippo Mazzei.

This recognition followed earlier commemorations marking the 250th anniversary of Mazzei’s birth in 1980. On that occasion, the United States Postal Service issued the commemorative airmail stamp “Philip Mazzei – Patriot Remembered,” while Italy issued a corresponding commemorative stamp of its own. These were more than philatelic tributes. Together, they symbolically acknowledged Mazzei’s role as one of the earliest and most influential cultural mediators between the two sides of the Atlantic.

If Jefferson represents the political face of the Declaration of Independence and Franklin its diplomatic and scientific dimension, Mazzei embodies its transatlantic character. He was the conduit through which ideas, experiences, values, and aspirations crossed the ocean and helped forge a common language of liberty. Though not a jurist, he helped create the intellectual climate in which modern constitutionalism could find one of its highest expressions.

Two hundred and fifty years after 1776, remembering Filippo Mazzei means remembering that the birth of the United States was also the product of a dialogue among different cultures and civilizations. Among the voices that helped shape that dialogue was that of a Tuscan Italian who made liberty, rights, and human dignity the foundation of a universal vision of politics. For this reason, Filippo Mazzei deserves to be remembered as one of the great pioneers of the relationship between Italy and the United States: a figure too often overlooked in the history of the American Revolution, yet one of the earliest interpreters of the community of values that continues to bind these two great democracies today.

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